A 3 Axis MCL6 Magnetometer was used to gather the magnetic data. The information was gathered from a 1 km by 500 m area along eight profile lines with a length of roughly 1000 m each. Each profile is spaced roughly 250m apart from the other. The magnetic investigation was created in a way that provided clear definition of the depth to phenomena in the region. Measurements of the magnetic strengths at discrete spots along traverses spaced consistently throughout the area of interest were required by the data collecting approach in order to sufficiently cover the segment utilized to ascertain the structure and deformation analysis of the study area. The geological conditions in the shallow subsurface provide the highest frequency events of interest, whereas magnetic property contrasts at or beneath the basement surface produce the lowest frequency occurrences. Significant lateral variations and contrasts in the shallow formations’ magnetic characteristics are produced either singly or as a result of a particular combination of faulting, deposition, and mineralization linked to displacement and deformation of the structural system.

In this study, it is demanded that a preparatory survey for an oil well location be carried out and the estimated number of dredged materials be calculated at various sections inside the perimeter of an oil mining lease (OML 38) located at Ovhor field, Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Seven sub-sectional areas initially earmarked for dredging at predetermined depths were delineated for different purposes to accomplish the dredging task. The total sum of the seven sectional areas calculated was 89,321.31m2. Of the seven sub-sectional areas, the volume of dredged material was calculated for only five by multiplying the obtained two-dimensional areas by the designed depth. The two sub-sections exempted from dredging were because depths are appropriate at these locations. The total volume of dredged material, therefore, calculated was 56,630.73m3. Recording and monitoring of tidal observations and analysis complement bathymetry and dredging activities. Due to the rugged terrain, interpolation remains a viable option to predict spatial variability at unsampled dredged lines. To achieve this, different kriging methods were investigated before finally choosing the best. The model that made the most accurate predictions was “Indicator Kriging” with a mean error of 0.000364 and a root-mean-square-standardized error of 0.806. This result is geostatistically acceptable when predicting spatial variability at an un-sampled location. The indicator kriging approach was subsequently used to predict the spatial variability of the un-sampled locations encountered in the study area.

This study investigated the effect of channel planforms changes on potential river flooding in Kaduna state (River Kaduna as case study); with the aim to ascertain the effects of river channel planform on its potential flooding and put measures in place to advert the environmental menace. Topographic maps covering the entire course of the river and the characteristics of the river to be studied were obtained from the federal ministry of survey. The reliability of satellite images was verified by ground measurements using a 30m Surveyor’s tape on four bridges that cross River Kaduna. The measurements obtained were compared with correspondent measurements on the satellite image and found that the ground measurements and the measurements on both SPOT and Sentinel images were close. Three reaches (Meander 1, 2, 3; Straight reach 1, 2, 3 and Braided reach 1, 2, 3) were selected for this study. Variations measured along the river were changes in channel width, changes in sinuosity index, changes in braiding index channel lateral migration and changes in channel length from 1962 to 2017. The results showed a reduction in the channels width in all the reaches from average of 190m in 1962 to 74m in 2017; the sinuosity index was low in the duration considered (average of 1,15) while the braiding index value had a mean of 0.55. Channel migration also reduced from an average of 82m in 1962 to 53m in 2017 while the river reduced by 12% within this same period. The propensity of river flooding in the study area is high hence there is the need to carry out channel improvement, early warning system and desiltation of the river in order to eliminate the potential danger.

In this research, the Early Jurassic Datta Formation from three outcrop sections of the western Salt Range has been extensively studied to elucidate facies architecture, sedimentary features, diagenetic features, sequence stratigraphy, and depositional model. Datta Formation is well exposed with massive thickness in the western Salt Range and the Trans Indus Ranges, while tapering in the central Salt Range further eastward, it dies out. Its mainly dominated by variegated sandstone, siltstone, shale, fire clays, laterites, and carbonates. Seven lithofacies has been identified and interpreted in the Datta Formation, i.e., (i). Fluvial Meandering Lithofacies (JDL-01), (ii). Braided Fluvial Lithofacies (JDL-02), (iii). Lateritic Lithofacies (JDL-03), (iv). Flood Plain Lithofacies (JDL-04), (v). Siliciclastic Lagoon Lithofacies (JDL-05), (vi). Carbonates dominant Lagoon Lithofacies (JDL-06), (vii). Swamps related Deltaic Lithofacies (JDL-07). Sequence stratigraphic analysis is primarily based on recognizing sequence surfaces, finning-coarsening upward trends, and types of facies. Two transgressive-regressive cycles are identified in the south-eastern section (Kassan Nala and Kaowali sections), while four sequences are identified in the Nammal Gorge section. These sequences are started with the underlying sequence boundary of LST and ended with the sequence bounding surface after HST. Datta Formation is possibly deposited in fluvial to deltaic environments in the study area, revealing a prograding delta with a shoreline oriented in the SW-NE direction and the siliciclastic detritus fed the fluvial system running over the Indian cratonic basement in the direction of N-NW. The lower part of the formation is deposited in fluvial settings, probably in the incised valley. The point bar sequences result from meandering channel facies and show association with overlying flood plain/overbank facies. Moreover, the lagoonal facies mainly covered the upper part of the formation and displayed mixed lithologies of delta plain to delta front setting. However, the repetition of these lithofacies in the study area at several points indicates the recurrence of depositional phases. The carbonaceous shales and coal streaks are evident by the presence of swamp or marshy lands. These conditions meet the criteria of deltaic settings. Furthermore, several laterites and fire clay horizons are also argue periodic sub-aerial exposure of the depositional area. Thus it is concluded that the depositional area lies in a fluvial to deltaic setting with major distributary channels and their flood plain in the adjoining delta plain to delta front part.

A thorough understanding of a rock formation’s structure and sedimentology is crucial before engaging in hydrological exploration or any development project. Islamabad is going through rapid development, so it’s crucial to update the subsurface studies for the benefit of the citizens. This research aims to study the Sedimentological characteristics of the Murree Formation through lithofacies analysis and to know the hydrological characteristics through Fracture analysis. Fracture analysis was conducted using the circle inventory method to calculate fractured porosity and permeability within the Murree Formation in the Islamabad region, and the lithofacies analysis was performed by observing the Sedimentological characteristics of each rock bed. Fracture analysis indicates that the rock formation in the Shah Alla Ditta region is not suitable enough to be classified as an aquifer. At the same time, the lithofacies study shows that the Murree Formation was deposited in a fluvial environment.

The study of groundwater and surface water in the Ayanfuri area of the Central Region of Ghana has been carried out using hydrochemical analysis and geochemical modelling to determine its suitability for human consumption and irrigation purposes. A total of 77 samples were collected from community boreholes, observation boreholes, Tailing Storage Facility (TSF) boreholes, and streams and analyzed for geochemical parameters. Sodium is the dominant cation for all the sampling sites except for TSF boreholes which are calcium-dominated. Also, the dominant anion is bicarbonate for all sampling sites, except for streams that are sulphate-dominated. The hydrochemical facies in the sampling sites are Na-Mg-HCO3 (54.55%), Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl (23.08%), Na-Mg-HCO3 (22.22%), Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl (22.86%) representing community boreholes, observation boreholes, TSF borehole, and streams, respectively. Water-rock interaction, atmospheric precipitation patterns, ion exchange reactions, and breath dissolution/erosion of plagioclase feldspars serve as the mechanisms influencing the chemical composition of the various water sampling sites. The geochemical modelling reveals the signatures of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum as the main mineral phases. From the water quality guidelines of WHO and WQI classifications, the water is suitable for consumption purposes. Also, the results of the sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, and magnesium hazard indicate that the water in the study area is suitable for irrigation purposes.

The “CZ” field refers to a promising hydrocarbon reservoir situated inside the Niger Delta region in Nigeria. The field is characterised by the presence of three distinct reservoir zones, namely the Agbada, Benin, and Akata formations. The research employed a multidisciplinary methodology to assess the hydrocarbon potential of the field, using techniques such as well log analysis, seismic interpretation, and petrophysical modelling. The findings of the research indicate that the “CZ” region has noteworthy potential for hydrocarbon resources. The aggregate assessed in-situ reserves of oil and gas amount to 1.2 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) and 8.0 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas, correspondingly. The expected recovery factor for oil in the field is 20%, while for petrol it is predicted to be 80%. The study has identified a number of issues that want attention in order to advance the subject of “CZ.” The problems encompass several factors, namely the existence of water and gas within the reservoir, the intricate structural geology of the field, and the field’s distant geographical position. Notwithstanding these obstacles, the “CZ” sector exhibits the capacity to emerge as a significant hydrocarbon producer. The research offers a significant foundation for subsequent assessment and advancement of the discipline.

The impact of storage vessels on stored water quality changes and how it can influence plant growth, and human health through irrigation and domestic uses has been evaluated. The water was collected from the same borehole source at Ebonyi State University and stored in vessels made of plastic, metal, calabash, and clay pot. The samples were tested in the laboratory to ascertain the physiochemical quality of the water. The following ions Cd, Pb, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Cl- were identified in each of the storage vessels which vary from the values of the controlled sample and were below their respective WHO permissible limits, except Cd which is significantly higher than WHO limit (>0.0003mg/l). The variation in qualities (odour, taste, colour, and metal concentration) of stored samples implies a significant influence of storage vessels on water quality. The pH range changed to slight alkali and hardness ranges from 160 to 330 mg/l after storage. The non-uniformity of each of the tested parameters among the samples indicated that each vessel had a different degree of impact on water quality during storage. The irrigation parameter and domestic use assessment showed some level of the potential risk to crops and humans mostly indicated by the MAR of calabash and Cd concentration respectively. The significant decrease in Cl- after storage suggests Cl decay, this enhances quality deterioration as microbial growth can be accelerated. The research conclusively noted that water quality deterioration is not an isotropic result of storage vessel influence but an integral impact of storage culture and geogenic factors’ influence on the water before and during storage and varying environmental constraints.

Structural interpretation and characterization of Assa-field in Northern Niger Delta was done to map the primary structures responsible for hydrocarbon entrapment and closures that are favorable for the accumulation of hydrocarbon as well as to indicate areas for hydrocarbon exploration in the field. The method used for this research involved delineation of lithology, identification of reservoir, interpretation of horizon and fault to generate structural maps of the subsurface. Depth and time structure maps were generated to show more detailed structure of the field. Three major horizons (sand 1, sand 2, and sand 3) were mapped based on uniqueness and clarity of their features. Major faults were delineated from the 3-D seismic section. The appearance of these faults in the field is a sign of possible hydrocarbon accumulation. The knowledge from the results of this study can be applied in exploration and production to identify hydrocarbon trapping potential of a field and volumetric evaluation of fluid in a field.

The sulphide ore mineralization occurrence in the area is structurally controlled. However, wrong structural delineation has led to some recorded mine failures and revenue loss faced by investors and government. Therefore, subsurface structural mapping is crucial for the successful and reliable delineation of sulphide ore enrichment zone within the area. To this effect ground magnetic method was used to appraise the structural elements associated with the sulphide mineralization in Ikenyi Izzi area, part of Southern Benue Trough. The total magnetic field intensity (TMI) was recorded, corrected, and separated into regional and residual magnetic fields. The TMI varies from 33259.7–33329.7nT with an average field value of 33299.4nT. Whereas residual susceptibility value ranges from -36.3–25.7nT with significant magnetic closures which correspond to the areas of low and high susceptibility values. Three dominant structural geometries was identified in the area; NE-SW>NW-SE>N-S with few E-W structures. The NE-SW and some N-S structures characterized areas of high magnetic anomaly closures and are associated with the regional trends of the igneous intrusive rocks, whereas NW-SE structures host the ore deposit (Trending ≥N300°) and dominantly associated with areas of low magnetic anomaly zones. The cross-cutting relationship of the NE-SW, N-S and NW-SE structures infers a close association of the intrusions and mineralization, which was validated by ground truthing. The residual susceptibility values of 1 to 10nT and ≥ 10nT were inferred as shale and intrusive rocks respectively. The implication of this study denotes that missing appropriate structural elements delineation could lead to abortive mines target.